TCP/IP

by Jo Escotal on March 31st, 2010

TCP/IP is today's most popular network protocol and is the protocol in the Internet. It is a routable protocol that provides connection between heterogeneous systems, these are the main reasons the protocol is so widely adapted; for example it allows communication between UNIX, Windows, Netware and Mac OS computers spread over multiple interconnected networks. The "TCP/IP protocol" is actually the "TCP/IP suite" composed of many different protocols each with its own functions. The two main protocols are in its name: the Internet Protocol and the Transmission Control Protocol.

IP addressing is assigning a 32-bit logical numeric address to a network device. Every IP address on the network must be unique. An IP address is represented in a dotted decimal format, for example: 159.101.6.8. As you can see the address is divided in 4 parts, these parts are called octets. The current used addressing schema in version 4 of IP is divided in 5 Classes:

TCP/IP Chart

Address Class

IP Address Range

Default Subnet Mask

Number of Networks

Number of Hosts

CIDR

Class A

1-126

255.0.0.0

126

16,777,214

/8

Class B

128-191

255.255.0.0

16,384

65,534

/16

Class C

192-223

255.255.255.0

2,097,152

254

/24

Class D

224-239

Multicast

NA

NA

NA

Class E

240-255

Reserved

NA

NA

NA

A subnet mask is used to determine which part is the network part and which is the host part.
Default subnet masks

Class A     255.0.0.0
Class B     255.255.0.0
Class C     255.255.255.0

In a class A network, the first octet defines the network portion of the address. The last three octets are used for host addresses and subnet masking.

Network.Host.Host.Host
255.0.0.0

In a class B network, the first two octets define the network portion of the address. The last two octets are used for host addresses and subnet masking.

Network.Network.Host.Host
255.255.0.0

In a class C network, the first three octets define the network portion of the address. The last octet is used for host addresses and subnet masking.

Network.Network.Network.Host
255.255.255.0

A private network is one that will not be connecting directly to the Internet.  The term intranet is commonly use for this type of network.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has set aside the following IP address range for Intranet networks.

Private IP Address
IANA reserved 4 address ranges to be used in private networks; these addresses won't appear on the Internet avoiding IP address conflicts

10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255 

Special Addresses
Loopback Address                                127.0.0.1 (use for loopback test)

Destination                            Network                  Host

Host on this network              All zeroes               Host ID
Local Broadcast                    All ones                  All ones
Directed Broadcast                Network ID             All ones
Loopback Address                 127                       Anything

Automatic Private IP Addressing

(APIPA) is a feature of Windows-based operating systems that enables a computer to automatically assign itself an IP address when there is no Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server available to perform that function. APIPA serves as a DHCP server failover mechanism and makes it easier to configure and support small local area networks (LANs).

169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255

 

If you have any questions please e-mail me at jescotal@microtrain.net

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